Nga momo Whiria Rangi HAWT, VAWT me etahi atu i whakaaeai

Te nuinga o te iwi puhou hau i kitea i runga i te whenua ki roto i nga pa puhou hau (nei ona pa i raro i te whenua, nei hoki i raro i te moana) he hanganga toru ra kau. Heoi, kei te nei ka puta etahi atu momo/mea turuki puhou hau, ko te ara i na ratou whakamahi i te kinaetika hau he iti noa iho tetahi ki tetahi.

Kei reira etahi rua momo nui o nga puhou hau: Horizontal-axis me Vertical-axis. Puhou hau horizontal axis kei te horihori tonu te aka o te turuki. Ka kitea pea e toru nga raeti, ka hanga hei whakaharataki i te hau. Ko nga puhou hau vertical axis kei te tika tonu te aka o te turuki, ka hanga hei whakamahi i te kinaetika hau i te taha kitenga tuatahi.

Ki runga i nga puhou horizontal axis me vertical axis, kei reira etahi atu putanga o te puhou hau ka taea te whakaatu.

Te maha rawa atu te momo whiu whenua e whai ake ana he ‘Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine’. Kua whakaaetia he horizontal axis te take i te tahuri o te rautaki ki te taha (tirohia te kauwhata, i raro nei).

Me tahuri ngā whiu whenua horizontal ki runga i te hau kia mahi i te wāhi matatika, ā, kua hangaia te matawae katoa hei tahuri ki te hau. Ki te hurihia te hau, me huri anō hoki te matawae (nō te reira, ‘yaw’) hei noho i raro i te hau.

Nō te mea he pai ake te mahi o ngā whiu whenua horizontal i ngā wāhi e kore ana i te hiko, ka tohua ngā turbine nei mo ngā pūwhenua moana, ā, mo ngā pūwhenua whenua i runga i te whenua e kore rawa ana i te tahuri, nā te mea he pai ake te mahi o enei turbine i ngā wāhi e kore ana i te hiko.

Whakarāpopotia hei rahi

Ki te he ake ngā pūhikoitanga itiiti rōpū whakamana huringa ki uta e tere ana i te awhiwhinga mō ngā tangata whenua e āhei ana ki te whakaaro mō te waihotanga, he nui ngā pai o enei. Ko tētahi o ō rātou pai rawa ko te mea ka whakapakari nei i te hanga me te taea e kore ana i te nui. Ko tēnei tētahi take anō hei whiwhi i te whakamahere huringa. Nui ake te oranga moni ki te hanga me te whakahaere i tētahi pūhikoitanga 10 megawatt (MW) nā runga i ngā pūhikoitanga 2 MW rima.

Ko te nui rawa atu pūhikoitanga i te ao (ki te wā o te takiwā huarua 2021) ko te Vestas V236 pūhikoitanga, me te kuhunga matua o 15 megawatt (MW). Ko te diameita o te pūrangi o ngā rautaki ko te 236m – e rua tekau me te toru rānei i te uru o te Whakairo Ture a Pīhi! Ka taea te waihanga i tētahi rā o te whare noa iho i te kotahi hurihanga o ōna rautaki.

Pūhanga Hau Poutū

He iti noa iho te pai me te iti noa iho te whakahau o te ‘Pūhikoitanga Ara Pūnui’. Kua karangahia ko te ara pūnui nā te mea ko te ara hurihanga kei te tika mai i raro.

Kāore i te tino āwhina ki te hanga pūtēra e whiu ana i te takirua, mēnā he nui ngā kaiwhakarite horahanga e kitea nei i ngā pūtēra e whiu ana i te takitahi. Ko te nui rawa atu o ngā pūtēra e whiu ana i te takirua i hanga noatia ko te pūtēra "ÉOLE" i Quebec, Canada, hei 110m te roa me te 3.8MW te huihui o te wāhi. Heoi, i 1993 ka hinga te pūtake pūtēra i runga i te 880 tonne e taea ana tōna tautoko. I tēnei wā, kāore ia i taea te mahi anō, ā, he mea mōhiotia noa iho mā ngā manuhiri. Kaohe mea kei te whakaaro ngā kaitahi ki te hanga i tētahi pūtēra e rahi ake ana i enei nā runga i ngā momo hanganga e pā ana ki te tautoko tika o ēnei nui rawa i runga i tētahi pūtake anake.

I Hangahei hei Whakarite

Ahakoa iti rawa, ko te nui o ngā pai o ngā pūtēra e whiu ana i te takirua i runga i ngā pūtēra e whiu ana i te takitahi, ko te kī tonu kāore i te moemoeā i te hurihuri. Kia whakaputa i te huihuinga hau mai i ngā taha katoa i waenganui i te wā. Nā te āhua o ngā raerua i hangaia, ka whitiwhiti ake rātou i te takiwātanga kotahi, ahakoa i hea te hau e tae mai ana.

Ko tēnei e whai ana i te pai ake mō te whakamahi i ngā huringa hau ki runga i ngā tahataha pūrehe me ngā wāhi kua hanga, kei reira ngā hau rere rere e whakarerekē ana te whānui ā-wāhanga i a ia wā.

Pūhanga Hau Poutū kāore i te nui rawa atu i te whenua i tae mai ki tētahi pūhanga hau rere rere pūnaha tuatahitia, ko tērā ka whakaaro tonu hei whakamahinga mo ngā wāhi e paku rawa atu te whenua.

Nga momo taipū VAWTs

Kei te rua ngā take matua o ngā pūhanga hau rere rere pūnaha pūnui, e mihi ana ko Savonius me Darrieus. Kei te iti noa rawa te āhua o te whakamahi i te huringa hau hau.

Savonius VAWTs

He whakamahi ngā turbini hau ki te rautaki o te kaiwhakaawe i te pūnaha o te hokinga hau hei kōrero mō te hokinga hau ki te hokinga pūkaha matua. He mea hangaia te whakatakoto hei kitea ai te hau e tae mai nei, he whakapakaruatanga ka puta hei whakamahere i te whiringa (tirohia te tāra, i raro nei). Ki te pēhea te taha e tae mai nei te hau, ka taea ake te hau te tae ki runga i ngā taha ki mua me te taha ki muri - engari ko te taha ki muri e pai rawa atu ana te whakapakaruatanga, nā reira ka whiringa ai te turbini. Nā tēnei, kaore he tino āheinga mo te turbini hau o te matawhāiti Savonius ki te whakawhanake i te 15% anake o te hokinga hau ki te hokinga pūkaha.

Darrieus VAWTs

Kei te whakamahi ngā turbinī hau Darrieus poutokomanawa i te whakaaro o te whakatō ki te whakawhiti i te mana hau hei take i te mana matua kiko, ā, he nui ake te pai o enei i ngā turbinī poutokomanawa a Savonius. Kei ngā rautaki o ngā turbinī hau Darrieus ngā para whakaritorito e tae ana i te tahuhu o te waka rererangi. Ki te tae te hau ki te para, ka puta te ukiuku aerofoil hei hanga i te kawe, ko tēnei te mea e whakatairanga i te turbinī (tirohia te whakaahua, i raro nei).

Ka taea e ngā para aerofoil o ngā turbinī Darrieus te whakatu hei take torotoro, torotoro whatitoka, rānei hei take helical i te āhua (tirohia te whakaahua, i raro nei).

Nō reira, ko ēnei katoa ngā turbinī Darrieus – kei ngā para kawe katoa ngā aerofoil e hanga ana i te ukiuku, engari i waenganui i ngā whakahaere.

Ko te whakahaererenga helical he mea nui rawa, no reira ka taea te whakauru i te para aerofoil roa atu ki runga i te wāhi whakawhiti rite ki te turbinī para torotoro, nā tēnei ka whiwhi ake i te hau ake, ka nui ake hoki te pai.

Ērā Hanganga Turbine Kē

I te wā e uta ana te nuinga o ngā whakatō hau kī aua rōpū tuatahi e rua (tukituki pūaoi me te tukituki pūhorahora) he maha ngā hoahoa whakamāorioranga i āhei ki te haere atu i te wharekura o ēnei rōpū e rua.

Te Rākau Hau

I whakatūhia e te kaiwhakahaere o Pari, New World Wind, te ‘Rākau Hau’, ka noho tēnei i runga i tētahi tukituki hau pūaoi o Savonius, engari he hou rawa tēnei i te mea ka whakamahia he maha itiiti tukituki hei noho pūmau hei whakapūmau i te tohu whakairo o te tāone.

Vortex Bladeless

He kaiwhakahaere o Ispania tēnei, ko Vortex Bladeless, i whakamahi i tētahi take matihiko whakaheke kinetika mai i te hau. Kaore te “tukituki” o rātou e roto i tētahi tukituki whakarawea, nā te mea kaore ia i whakaroterotero.

Kei te whakamahi te rārangi Vortex Bladeless i tētahi mākau roa, e āhua pūtahi ana, ka whakamahia hei hoko āpure mai i te hau ki te take vortex-induced resonance. Ki te hīmataki te hau i te pūtahi, ka whakaputa i te kōpiko i muri nei, ka tohe ai te pūtahi ki te haere mai-mai, ko tēnā ngākaunui mekanika e whakahaere ana i tētahi whakakii waewae, nā reira ka whakaiti i te wāhi ā-pūngao.

Kāore i a rātou e taea ana te whakahara i ngā manu mihainga rānei, heoi anō te take o ēnei rārangi hau ki te whakapaipai i te taiao.

Rārangi Hau Kōwhiri Waka

He nui ngā kāwanatanga kua tīmata ki te hanga i ngā rārangi hau poutū iti, ka taea te whakatakoto i roto i ngā whenua tuarua o ngā oneonei ara moana me ngā ara motokā. Kāore i a rātou e whakahaere ana i te hau 'natura', engari ko te kōpiko e whakauruhia ana e ngā waka e haere ana i te rahitū ki te whakawhitinga i ēnei rārangi. Nā reira, ahakoa e pā ana ki ngā rārangi hau poutū noa iho, ko te wāhi i whakamahia ai kei a rātou te hiranga.

Pūrehu ā-wā kauwhata

Ko te pūrehu ā-wā kauwhata he horopaki whakamātau e whakamahinga ana i ngā raunga pūrehu hōhonu me ngā raunga pūrehu wānanga i roto i tētahi taupānga kauwhata hou. Ki te wehewehe o ngā raunga, ka taea te whakaputa i te mana wānanga hau mai i ngā taha hōhonu me ngā taha wānanga. I kitea e ngā rautaki pūnaha he 2.5 waenga nui ake te paihana i tētahi pūrehu ā-wā matua i runga i ngā āhuatanga hau e rite ana.

Pūrehu Whakamana Pūreko

Tēnei horopaki e tono ana ki tētahi taumata hou o te pūrehu Darrieus ā-wā hōhonu, kua whakarerekia ki te taha wānanga me te noho i te tae o ngā pūreko. Ko te hau whakamana i tuhia mai i te wāhi hokohoko hau o te pūreko, ka whakamahiia e ia hei whakamana i te pūrehu.